HPAVC

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ HPAVC / HPAVC CD-ROM.iso / pc / AED_BOT.ZIP / 3.2 < prev next >

Wrap

Text File | 1993-09-20 | 142.8 KB | 3,155 lines

3.46 FILLER EXPLOSIVES 3.461 Improvised Plastic Explosive Filler Author: Doctor Dissector From: Anarchy 'n Explosives Vol.1 (No 2) Type: High Explosive Ingredients: Finely Powdered Potassium Chlorate Crystals Petroleum Jelly **MIX THOUROUGHLY** Description: This plastic explosive filler can be detonated with a No. 8 commercial blasting cap or with any military blasting cap. The explosive must be stored in a waterproof container until ready to use. Comments: This material was tested. It is effective. References: TM 31-210, Improvised Munitions, sec I, No. 1. 3.462 Quick Filler explosive 85% sodium chlorate 10% vaseline 5% aluminum powder 3.463 Plastic Explosive Filler II A plastic explosive filler can be made from potassium chlorate and petroleum jelly. This explosive can be detonated in any military blasting cap. (find a friend in the service or in the reserve, or steal one). Potassium Chlorate - this chemical is used for medicinal purposes, and in the manufacture of matches. Petroleum jelly - just get some vaseline or no-name brand. Piece of round stick Wide bowl or other container for mixing ingredients. 1) Spread the Potassium Chlorate crystals thinly on a hard surface. Roll the round stick over the crystals to crush into what looks like wheat flour. 2) Place 9 parts powdered potassium chlorate and 1 part petroleum jelly in a wide bowl or sililar container. Mix the ingredients with your hands (knead) until a uniform paste is obtained. Store the explosive in a waterproof container until you are ready to use it. Plastic explosives- Mix 7 parts potassium chlorate for every one part of petroleum jelly (vaseline will do) then use an electric charge or a fuse. 3.47 ROCKET FUELS 3.471 Nitromethane formulae Author: The Jolly Roger I thought that I might add this in since it's similar to Astrolite. Nitromethane (CH3NO2) specific gravity:1.139 flash point:95f auto-ignite:785f Derivation: reaction of methane or propane with nitric acid under pressure. Uses: Rocket fuel; solvent for cellulosic compounds, polymers, waxes, fats,etc. To be detonated with a #8 cap, add: 1) 95% nitromethane + 5% ethylenediamine 2) 94% nitromethane + 6% aniline Power output: 22-24% more powerful than TNT. Detonation velocity of 6,200MPS. 3.472 Nitromethane 'solid' explosives Author: The Jolly Roger 2 parts nitromethane 5 parts ammonium nitrate (solid powder) Soak for 3-5 min. when done, store in an air-tight container. This is supposed to be 30% more powerful than dynamite containing 60% nitro- glycerin, and has 30% more brilliance. Parts by Volume Ingredient How used Common Source -------- ---------- -------- ------------- 85 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Stations Stove Fuel Motor Vehicle Solvent 14 Egg Whites Food Food Store Industrial Farms Processes Any one of the following: 1 Table Salt Food Sea Water Industrial Natural Brine Processes Food Store 3 Ground Coffee Food Coffee Plant Food Store 3 Dried Tea Leaves Food Tea Plant Food Store 3 Cocoa Food Cacao Tree Food Store 2 Sugar Sweetening Sugar Cane foods Food Store 1 Saltpeter Pyrotechnics Natural (Potassium Explosives Deposits Nitrate) Matches Drug Store Medicine 1 Epsom Salts Medicine Natural Mineral Water Kisserite Industrial Drug Store Processes Food Store 2 Washing Soda Washing Cleaner Food Store (Sal Soda) Medicine Drug Store Photography Photo Supply Store 1 1/2 Baking Soda Baking Food Store Manufacturing Drug Store of: Beverages Medicines and Mineral Waters 1 1/2 Aspirin Medicine Drug Store Food Store Procedure: CAUTION: Make sure that ther are no open flames in the area when mixing flame fuels! NO SMOKING!! 1) Seperate the egg white from the yolk. This can be done by breaking the egg into a dish and carefully removing the yolk with a spoon. 2) Pour egg white into a jar, bottle, or other container, and add gasoline. 3) Add the salt (or other additive) to the mixture and stir occasionally until gel forms (about 5 to 10 minutes). Note: A thicker gelled flame fuel can be obtained by putting the capped jar in hot (65 degrees Centegrade) water for about 1/2 hour and then letting them cool to room temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE!!) 3.473 Astrolite The astrolite family of liquid explosives were products of rocket propellant research in the '60's. Astrolite A-1-5 is supposed to be the world's most powerful non-nuclear explosive -at about 1.8 to 2 times more powerful than TNT. Being more powerful it is also safer to handle than TNT (not that it isn't safe in the first place) and Nitroglycerin. 3.4731 Astrolite G "Astrolite G is a clear liquid explosive especially designed to produce very high detonation velocity, 8,600MPS (meters/sec.), compared with 7,700MPS for nitroglycerin and 6,900MPS for TNT...In addition, a very unusual characteristic is that it the liquid explosive has the ability to be absorbed easily into the ground while remaining detonatable...In field tests, Astrolite G has remained detonatable for 4 days in the ground, even when the soil was soaked due to rainy weather" know what that means?....Astrolite Dynamite! To make (mix in fairly large container & outside) Two parts by weight of ammonium nitrate mixed with one part by weight 'anhydrous' hydrazine, produces Astrolite G...Simple enough eh? I'm sure that the 2:1 ratio is not perfect,and that if you screw around with it long enough, that you'll find a better formula. Also, dunno why the book says 'anhydrous' hydrazine, hydrazine is already anhydrous... Hydrazine is the chemical you'll probably have the hardest time getting hold of. Uses for Hydrazine are: Rocket fuel, agricultural chemicals (maleic hydrazide), drugs (antibacterial and antihypertension), polymerization catalyst, plating metals on glass and plastics, solder fluxes, photographic developers, diving equipment. Hydrazine is also the chemical you should be careful with. 3.4732 Astrolite A/A-1-5 Ok, here's the good part... Mix 20% (weight) aluminum powder to the ammonium nitrate, and then mix with hydrazine. The aluminum powder should be 100 mesh or finer. Astrolite A has a detonation velocity of 7,800MPS. Note: You should be careful not to get any of the astrolite on you,if it happens though, you should flush the area with water. Astrolite A&G both should be able to be detonated by a #8 blasting cap. 3.474 Common Rocket Fuel Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) or "Saltpeter". Sugar (Powdered is the best) 1) Mix the two together 1/2 Nitrate and 1/2 Sugar. 2) Take an old cooking pan, and melt the two together. There is NO way for it to ignite. (BULLSHIT! It fucking exploded in my kitchen!) 3) It should turn into a fudgey looking compound. Pour this compound into a rocket engine such as a cardboard tube, and set a fuse into the compound and let the compound harden. 3.475 Rocket Fuel 2 (High Grade) Author: The Chemist Model rocket engine (any engine will do, but the bigger ones like C or D engines are recommended). Hammer 1) First, using the hammer, knock out the ceramic nozzle of the engine. The color of the nozzle is light gray. 2) When you start to see black grains in the gray of the nozzle powder, put the rocket engine in a shoe box or something else to catch the propellant. Now hit the engine with the hammer to get the propellant out (careful, not too hard). 3) When all the propellant has been removed and is in the shoe box, grains will be in size ranging from dust to pieces about 1/2 inch in size. You may take out the propellant and use it for whatever you wish. WARNING: DO NOT EVER GRIND THIS MIXTURE! It might explode in your face! Use it only in the form you got it from the engine. Also, since I don't know what model rocket propellant is made out of, I don't know how poisonous it is. As a rule, however, do not let it get on you and always wash after experiments with it (this is just a good procedure for any experi- ment dealing with chemicals). NOTE: This is the best composition for rocket fuel. It is one of the best compositions I have ever tried. Only mercury fulminate was better. 3.5 OTHER "EXPLOSIVES" or EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS The remaining section covers the other types of materials that can be used to destroy property by fire. Although none of the materials presented here are explosives, they still produce explosive-style results. 3.51 THERMITE Thermite is a fuel-oxodizer mixture that is used to generate tremendous amounts of heat. It was not presented in section 3.23 because it does not react nearly as readily. It is a mixture of iron oxide and aluminum, both finely powdered. When it is ignited, the aluminum burns, and extracts the oxygen from the iron oxide. This is really two very exothermic reactions that produce a combined temperature of about 2200 degrees C. This is half the heat produced by an atomic weapon. It is difficult to ignite, however, but when it is ignited, it is one of the most effective firestarters around. MATERIALS ───────── powdered aluminum (10 g) powdered iron oxide (10 g) 1) There is no special procedure or equipment required to make thermite. Simply mix the two powders together, and try to make the mixture as homogenous as possible. The ratio of iron oxide to aluminum is 50% / 50% by weight, and be made in greater or lesser amounts. 2) Ignition of thermite can be accomplished by adding a small amount of potassium chlorate to the thermite, and pouring a few drops of sulfuric acid on it. This method and others will be discussed later in section 4.33. The other method of igniting thermite is with a magnesium strip. Finally, by using common sparkler-type fireworks placed in the thermite, the mixture can be ignited. 3.511 Additional Notes on Thermite Author: GaRbLed UseR! Lately there has been much hullaballo about the making, and use of Thermite. Many people state that it can only be lit with a vast amount of heat, such as a burning strip of magnesium. Others say they have lit it with a match. Here I will try to give an over view of the current theories, and let you come to your own conclusions. First, for those of you who may not know, I will describe thermite, it's uses, and basic construction. Thermite is a relatively easy substance to create, being made from ingredients that are somewhat simple to obtain. Thermite, when ignited, can reach temperatures nearing 6000+ degrees celcius, and has been known to vaporize carbon steel. The general "formula" for making thermite is as follows: 50% powdered rust. (iron oxide (Fe2O3)) 50% powdered aluminum (Al) Simple enough to create. Rust can be obtained quickly by running a low current (DC) through an iron object, and placing the object in water. One electrode is placed on the object, and the other in the water. This causes vast amounts of rust to be created, which can easily be extracted by evaporating, or boiling the water. The aluminum can generally be purchased at hardware or paint stores. It can also be made by taking a piece of aluminum metal (such as an aluminum door frame, or pipe) and shaving it off with a metal file. I have heard from some people, that thermite is not very picky in it's ingredients. One report states that he ripped apart an aluminum can with his bare hands, leaving peices roughly .5cm in diameter. He then proceded to make some regular thermite, with powdered aluminum. He had made approximately a bucket full of the large aluminum thermite, and sprinkled two to three handfulls of the regular thermite on the top. He then lit the mixture with a strip of magnesium, and let it burn. The entire mixture burned quite well, actually setting a fence nearly 15 feet away on fire from the heat alone. If this is true, then large amounts of thermite, would be much easier for a person to create, than if he had to use powdered aluminum for the entire mixture. It would also be MUCH cheaper. The other report I heard, stated that the ignition temperature of thermite, depended mainly on the grade of aluminum. He stated by getting the finest grade mesh of aluminum powder he could find, he effectively made the thermite more sensitive. He stated that this mixture led to less heat, but, also ignited with greater ease. So much greater ease, that he ignited a small handfull of the substance, by simply dropping a wooden match into the mixture. Such an easy to use substance would have obvious uses, such as being the ignition for regular thermite, which could then even ignite large thermite. This would also make thermite ignitable by wicks, and minor blasts. This could make a VERY dangerous weapon should it be put in a rocket or shrapnel bomb. (c)1999 FBI- All rights nuked to oblivion. 3.512 Thermite reaction The thermite reaction is used in welding, because it generates molten iron and temperatures of 3500 c (6000f+). It uses one of the previous reactions that I talked about to start it! starter = potassium chlorate + sugar main pt.= iron (iii) oxide + aluminum powder (325 mesh or finer) Put the potassium chlorare + sugar around and on top of the main pt. To start the reaction, place one drop of concentrated sulfuric acid on top of the starter mixture. Step back! the ratios are: 3 parts iron(iii) oxide to 1 part aluminium powder to 1 part potassium chlorate to 1 part sugar. When you first do it, try 3g:1g:1g:1g! also, there is an alternative starter for the thermite reaction. The alternatIve is potassium permanganate + glycerine. amounts: 55g iron(iii) oxide, 15g aluminium powder, 25g potassium permanganate, 6ml glycerine. 3.513 Making Thermite Author: X Calibur Thermite is a powerful substance which can burn through practically anything, save tungsten. It is specially of use in trying to crack open a fortress fone. now here's how you make it. It is very simple. The first step in making thermite is to make hematite. In layman's terms, ematite is iron oxide (rust). Here is good method of making large quantities of rust. You will electrolyze a metal rod, such as a common nail. you will need a surce of dc power as well. An electric train transformer is perfect. Attach the rod to the positive wire. Then place the rod and the negative wire in opposite sides of a glass jar filled with water. Put a little salt in the water, just enough to make it conduct well (a teaspoon). Let the setup sit overnight. In the morning, here will be a dark red crud in the jar. Filter all the crud out of the water or just fish it out with a spoon. Now you will need to dry it out. Heat it in an iron pot until it all turns a nice light red. The other ingrediant you will need is aluminum filings. You can either file down a bar of aluminum, or (as i suggest) buy aluminum filings at your local hardware shop. (if you buy the bar use no less thn 94% pure aluminum. It is called duralumin.) that's almost it. Now, mix together the rust and aluminum filings. The ratio should be 8 grams of rust per 3 grams of aluminum filings. That's thermite! Now, to light it! stick a length of magnesium ribbon in a pile of the thermite. (either steal it from chem lab or buy it at your local chemical supply store. If not, order from a chemical supply house. It's pretty cheap.) the ribbon should stick into the thermite like a fuse. now you light the magnesium with a blowtorch. (don't worry. the torch isn't hot enough to light the thermite.) when the burning magnesium reaches the thermite, it will light. When the thermite burns, get the hell back! that stuff can vaporize carbon steel. It does wonders on human flesh. 3.154 More Thermite This stuff can burn *anything*. [except Tungsten].. It's great for burning open a fortress fone [a pay phone, for those who do not know] Here is the step-by-step on how to make it. 1) First you need rust. The best way to make alot of it is.... a) get an electric train trans- former b) attach a common nail to the PLUS (+) end of the trans- former c) get a glass jar d) fill it with water e) put salt [regular table salt is fine] into the water f) put the other end (-) into water with the nail [leave the transformer out, of course] g) turn on the transformer h) let the contraption run overnight i) seperate out all the red shit [that's the rust] with a filter or a spoon. j) let the stuff dry [like on a paper towel] k) that's it! you have rust! 2) Get some aluminum filings from the hardware store [or shave your own from a bar with less that 94% pure aluminum, called duralumin] 3) Now, just mix: 8 grams rust to 3 grams aluminum filings 4) That's Thermite!! Now, to ignite it... 5) You now need some Magnesium ribbon. To get it, you can: a) steal it from the chemistry lab at school. b) buy it at the hardware store. c) buy it from a chemical supply house. 6) Alright, shove the Magesium ribbon into the Thermite at a fuse. 7) Then light it with a blowtorch. [It won't get hot enough to ignite the Thermite, though] 8) last step: get the hell back. [it can vaporize CARBON STEEL!] 3.155 Thermite Applications Use any size can with sticks tied or taped to sides and cut a small hole in the bottom. Cover bottom with paper. Place round stick wrapped in paper in middle of can. Fill bottom of can 1/4 inch with magnesium. Over this place mixture of 3 parts ferric oxide and 2 parts aluminum powder. Remove stick (leaving paper tunnel) and fill hole with mixture 3 parts potassium chlorate and 1 part sugar. Top the hole with a paper bag containing chlorate-sugar mix with fuse protruding Tamp top with dirt or clay. 3.520 BOTTLED GAS EXPLOSIVES Bottled gas, such as butane for refilling lighters, propane for propane stoves or for bunsen burners, can be used to produce a powerful explosion. To make such a device, all that a simple-minded anarchist would have to do would be to take his container of bottled gas and place it above a can of Sterno or other gelatinized fuel, and light the fuel and run. Depending on the fuel used, and on the thickness of the fuel container, the liquid gas will boil and expand to the point of bursting the container in about five minutes. In theory, the gas would immediately be ignited by the burning gelatinized fuel, producing a large fireball and explosion. Unfortunately, the bursting of the bottled gas container often puts out the fuel, thus preventing the expanding gas from igniting. By using a metal bucket half filled with gasoline, however, the chances of ignition are better, since the gasoline is less likely to be extinguished. Placing the canister of bottled gas on a bed of burning charcoal soaked in gasoline would probably be the most effective way of securing ignition of the expanding gas, since although the bursting of the gas container may blow out the flame of the gasoline, the burning charcoal should immediately re-ignite it. Nitrous oxide, hydrogen, propane, acetylene, or any other flammable gas will do nicely. 3.521 Spray Bottle Flamethrower Author: GArbLed UsEr Get one of your nice little spray bottles, (mom or wife uses them to water houseplants). Fill with one of many liquids.. * Blast Oil * Gasoline * Ethyl or Iso-propyl Alcolhol Boiling Water Ammonia Water Chlorine Bleach * Naptha(lighter fluid) Drano(or other like fluids) * Nail polish Remover Now.. If it has an asterick beside it.. SImply pull out MR lighter, and hold in front of the blast! Turn to MIST for a deathly fireball, or STREAM for a nice line of deadly fire! For the other liquids, ALWAYS USE STREAM!! Try to aim for the face. If you can hit the eyes, any of these are guaranteed to blind the enemy. No spray bottles?? Look under the sink.. Maybe a WINDEX bottle, OR.. if you have children.. a squirt gun will do nicely. Be warned! Many of these liquids will eat through plastic! So if your weapon catches on fire.. THROW! Do not attempt to put it out! Also try and use them quickly.. or you may end up covered in DRAINO! (The tip of the weapon will occasionally catch on fire.. this is OK.. but be careful and put it out.. the tip may melt.. and you is toast when it does!! 3.5211 Spray Bottle Flame Thrower II From: The Poor Man's James Bond by Kurt Saxon An excellent little flame thrower can be made, using just about any metal or plastic hand squirter. The only consideration is that the liquid must come out in a stream instead of an atomized spray. Some oil cans shoot a stream 30 feets. sprayers can often be adjusted from a spray to a stream. sprayers of various kinds can be found in auto supply, garden and grocery stores. A six-inch tube, usually aluminum or brass, is fitten on the nozzle. A wick or piece of heavy cloth is wired onto the other end of the tube. The fuel is gasoline, acetone or lighter fluid. To use, the tube is tilted downward slightly. the sprayer is squeezed slowly so the fuel will dribble out and saturate the wick all around. The wick is then lit and the device is aimed and squeezed. quick, hard squeezes will squirt the fuel through the tube and pe cd the burning wick. The wick ignites the fuel and you have such a dandy weapon you will never stop bragging! If you have a little brother, he can take it to school for show and tell. 3.522 Blast Oil Author: Garbled User This is a strange liquid. Take a Plastic peanut butter jar, (or any plastic jar) Fill up with half nail polish remover and half 99% iso-propyl alcohol. Either- A) Ignite mixture, run fast B) Ignite bottle, throw fast C) Pour on target, Light and run fast!! D) DIE! [Eds] If used properly. it sometimes has a nasty property of causting the entire mixture to become gaseous.. INSTANTLY.. this can cause a TREMENDOUS explosion!! One note.. Try to get 99% pure Iso-Propyl Alcohol.. The lesser the purity, the lesser the chance of explosion.. Same with the acetone! BE CAREFUL!! 3.523 NAPALM!! (The Ultimate Barbeque Starter) Author: Knight Hack From: Phantasy Magazine Napalm is very simple to make,Basically all it is 1 part gasoline and 1 part soap. I realize some of you out there might not know what soap is, but thats the stuff you see in those silly little dishes over sinks. But heres how you make the stuff: 1. Get a double boiler, fill the bottom half with water and bring to a boil. 2. Remove from the stove and go outside with it. 3. Now place the top half over the boiling water. 4. Fill the top with very small amounts of gasoline 5. Allow it to heat as much as possible from the still hot water 6. Add 1 part Ivory soap flakes to the gas and stir until it thickens 7. (The flakes must melt or the concotion is useless) 8. Allow to cool, Pour into bottles, add a rag , light rag and throw! Note: Heated gasoline is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS, make small batches to start and never smoke,have near an open flame,or anything that would cause a spark!!! 3.5231 Napalm Author: Doctor Dissector From: Anarchy 'n Explosives No.1 (Vol 1) A. Description 1) This item consists of a liquid fuel which is gelled by the addition of soap powder or soap chips. It is easily prepared from readily available materials. 2) This incendiary can be directly initiated by a match flame. But, if delay is required, the incendiary can be reliably initiated by any igniter later discussed or coupled with delay mechanisms to be discussed in later volumes of ANARCHY. 3) Napalm incendiary is easily ignited and long burning, and is suitible for setting fire to large wooden structures and other large combustible targets. It adheres to objects, even on vertical surfaces. B. Material and Equiptment Soap powder or chips (Bar soap can be easily shaved or chipped; but, detergents CANNOT be used.) Any of the following liquid hydrocarbon fuels: gasoline, fuel oil, diesel oil, kerosene, turpentine, benzol, benzene, toloul, or toluene A double boiler made from any material with the upper pot having a capicity of at least two quarts A spoon or stick for stirring A source of heat such as a stove or hot plate A knife or grater if only bar soap is available An air-tight container C. Preparation 1) Fill bottom of double boiler with water and heat until water boils. 2) Place upper pot on top of bottom pot and remove both containers to a point several feet from the heat source. 3) Pour soap chips or powder into the upper pot of the double boiler to one-quarter of pot volume. 4) Pour any of the liquid hydrocarbon fuels listed under Materials and Equiptment above into the upper pot containing the soap chips or powder until the pot is one-half full. 5) Stir the mixture with with a stick or spoon until it thickens to a paste having the consistency of jam. Do this in a well ventilated area where the vapors will not concentrate and burn or explode from a flame or spark. 6) If the mixture has not thickened enough after about 15 minutes of stirring, remove the upper pot and put it several feet from the heat source. Again bring the water in the lower pot to a boil. Shut off heat source, place upper pot in lower pot at a location several feet from the heat source and repeat stirring until the naplam reaches the recommended consistency. 7) When the proper consistency is obtained, store the finished napalm in a tightly sealed container until used. Napalm will keep for months when stored this way. D. Application The destructive effect of napalm is increased when charcoal is added. The charcoal will readily ignite and the persistent fire from the charcoal will outlast the burning napalm. It is recommended that at least one quart of napalm be used to ignite heavy wooden sections. A minimum of one-half quart is recommended for wooden structures of small cross section. CAUTION : NAPALM IS HIGHLY VOLITLE. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. 3.5232 Napalm, Lex Luthor's Recipe Author: Lex Luthor About the best fire bomb is napalm. It has a thick consistancy, like jam and is best for use on vehilces or buildings. Napalms is simply one part gasoline and one part soap. The soap is either soap flakes or shredded bar soap. Detergents won't do. The gasoline must be heated in order for the soap to melt. The usual way is with a double boiler where the top part has at least a two-quart capicity. The water in the bottom part is brought to a boil and the double boiler is taken from the stove and carried to where there is no flame. Then one part, by volume, of gasoline is put in the top part and allowed to heat as much as it will and the soap is added and the mess is stirred until it thickens. A better way to heat gasoline is to fill a bathtub with water as hot as you can get it. It will hold its heat longer and permit a much larger container than will the double boiler. 3.524 Incendiary Brick Author: Doctor Dissector From: Anarchy 'n Explosives No.1 (Vol 7) a. Description. (1) This incendiary is composed of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, iron filings, and wax. When properly made, it looks like an ordinary building brick and can be easily transported without detection. The incendiary brick will ignite wooden walls, floors, and many other combustible materials. (2) This incendiary can be directly ignited by all igniters. To ignite this incendiary with White Phosphorus Solution, the solution must first be poured on absorbent paper and the paper placed on top of the brick. b. Material and Equipment. Parts By Volume Potassium chlorate (powdered).......................... 40 Sulfur (powdered)...................................... 15 Granulated sugar....................................... 20 Iron filings........................................... 10 Wax (beeswax or candle wax)............................ 15 Spoon or stick Brick mild Red paint Measuring cup or can Double boiler Heat source (hot plate or stove) c. Preparation. (1) Fill the bottom half of the double boiler with water and bring to a boil. (2) Place the upper half of the boiler on the lower portion and add the wax, sulfur, granulated sugar, and iron filings in the proper amount. (3) Stir well to blend all the materials evenly. (4) Remove the upper half of the double boiler from the lower portion and either shut off the heat source or move the upper section several feet from the fire. CAUTION: EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE EXERCISED AT THIS POINT BECAUSE ACCIDENTAL IGNITION OF THE MIXTURE IS POSSIBLE. SOME MEANS OF EXTINGUISHING A FIRE SHOULD BE ACCESSIBLE. IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP FACE, HANDS, AND CLOTHING AT A REASONABLY SAFE DISTANCE DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE PREPARATION. A FACE SHIELD AND FIREPROOF GLOVES ARE RECOMMENDED. (5) CAREFULLY add the required amount of potassium chlorate and again stir well to obtain a homogeneous mixture. (6) Pour the mixture into a brick mold and set aside until it cools and hardens. (7) When hard, remove the incendiary from the mold, and paint it red to simulate a normal building brick. d. Application. (1) When painted, the incendiary brick can be carried with normal construction materials and placed in or on combustible materials. (2) A short time delay in ignition can be obtained by combining fuses and one of the igniters. 3.525 Fire Fudge Author: Doctor Dissector From: Anarchy 'n Explosives, No.1 (Vol 7) a. Description. (1) This item consists of a mixture of sugar and potassium chlorate in a hot water solution which solidifies when cooled to room temperature. It can be used to ignite most incendiaries, except thermite. It may be used directly as an incendiary on rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in the combustible vapor above liquid fuels. (2) The igniter can be initiated by a fuse cord, string fuse, or concen- trated sulfuric acid. (3) Fire fudge resembles a white sugar fudge having a smooth, hard sur- face. The advantage of this igniter material over Sugar-Chlorate, is its moldability. The procedure for preparation must be followed closely to obtain a smooth, uniform material with a hard surface. CAUTION: THIS MATERIAL IS POISONOUS AND MUST NOT BE EATEN. b. Material and Equipment. Granulated Sugar (NOT powdered or confectioners) Potassium chlorate (no coarser than the sugar) Metallic, glass, or enameled pan. Measuring container Spoon (non-metallic) Thermometer (200-250 degrees Fahrenheit) c. Preparation. (1) Clean the pan by boiling some clean water in it for about five minutes. Discard the water, pour one measureful of clean water into the pan and warm it. Dry the measuring container and add one measure- full of sugar. Stir the liquid until the sugar dissolves. (2) Boil the solution until a fairly thick syrup is obtained. (3) Remove the pan from the source of heat to a distance of at least six feet and shut off the heat. Rapidly add two measurefuls of potassium chlorate. Stir gently for a minute to mix the syrup and powder, then pour or spoon the mixture into appropriate molds. If the mold is paper, it can usually be peeled off when the fire fudge cools and hardens. Pieces of cardboard or paper adhering to the igniter will not impair its use. Pyrex, glass, or ceramic molds can be used when a clear, smooth surface is desired. It is recommended that section thickness of molded fire fudge be at least one-half inch. If desired, molded fire fudge can be safely broken with the fingers. CAUTION: IF THIS IGNITER MATERIAL IS CARELESSLY HANDLED WITH EXCESSIVE BUMPING OR SCRAPING, IT COULD PRESENT ITSELF AS A HAZARD. d. Application. (1) Place a piece of fire fudge on top of the incendiary. Minimum size should be about one inch square and one-half inch thick. Prepare the fire fudge for ignition with a fuse cord, string fuse, or concentrated sulfuric acid in the normal manner. (2) If only battery grade sulfuric acid is available, it must be concen- trated before use to a specific gravity of 1.835, by heading it in an enameled, heat resistant glass or porcelain pot, until dens, white fumes appear. (3) When used to ignite flammable liquids, wrap a quantity of the igniter mixture in a non-absorbent material and suspend it inside the container near the open top. The container must remain open for easy ignition and combustion of the flammable liquid. (4) To minimize the hazard of premature ignition of flammable liquid vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse to extend from the top edge of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse. 3.526 Flamability of gases Author: Doctor Dissector From: Anarchy 'n Explosives No.1 (Vol 1) Type: Gas Explosive Ingredients: Explosive Gas Description: Under some conditions, common gases act as fuel. When mixed with air, they will burn rapidly or even explode. For some fuel-air mixtures, the range over which the explosion can occur is quite wide while for others the limits are narrow. The upper and lower amounts of common fuels that will cause an ignitable mixture are shown in the table below. The quantity shown is the percentage by volume of air. If the fuel-air mixture is too lean or too rich, it will not ignite. The amounts shown are therefore called limits of inflamability. Gases (% by volume of air) Fuel (Gas) Lower Limit Upper Limit ------------------------------- ----------- ----------- Water Gas Or Blue Gas 7.0 72 Natural Gas 4.7 15 Hydrogen 4.0 75 Acetylene 2.5 81 Propane 2.2 10 Butane 1.9 9 Comments: These fuels have been tested under labratory conditions. They are effective. Ignition depends on method of initiation, uniformity of mixture, and physical conditions. References: Bulletin 29, Limits of Inflammability of Gases and Vapors H.F. Coward and G.W. Jones, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Government Printing Offece, 1939. 3.527 Incendiary Mixture 55% aluminum powder (atomized) 45% sodium chlorate 5% sulfur 3.528 Recipe for a Standard Plastic Explosive 1 part gasoline 1/2 part oil 1 part styrofoam 1) Melt styrofoam. Remember never at any time let the mixture get too hot. 2) Let cool to a thick viscosity. 3) Mix 3 ingredients together in following order: first add styrofoam, then oil, then gas. 4) Mix in a deep pot - keep mixture away from any type of fire! Do this step with extreme caution. 5) Let the mixture cool to a little bit warmer than room temperature - around 88 degrees farenheit. 6) Mold the mixture how you want. (Different shapes will make it more or less lethal). Optional: You can add nuts, bolts, and screws while mixing, along with gunpowder, 2 m-80's, or any other type of explosive to make it the equivilant of a molotov cocktail. Note: The fragments (nuts, bolt, etc.) are deadly. They will penetrate a brick wall when the mixture is detonated. Detonation: 1) The mixture can be thrown, but sometimes detonation does not occur. 2) The mixture can be wired for an electric charge to be sent through it, it will detonate without doubt. A regular fuse can be sent through it also. If this method is used, some sort of timer is recommended. 3.529 Snowball Take ammonium iodide, flour, & water and form this into a snowball. Leave this 'snowball' somewhere where it will do neat stuff when it dries out. (Substituting some magnesium flash powder for some (not all) of that flour helps things a bit). 3.530 Aluminum Killer (Overnight) silver iodide --> aluminum iodide + aluminum + silver ..or.. AgI + Al --> Ag + AlI ALUMINUM IODIDE is very hydroscopic -- it will absorb water [it will even absorb water out of the air!] SILVER IODIDE eats through aluminum -- the resulting aluminum iodide will >disolve itself< as it aborbs H20 from the air! The final result is aluminum with a wet hole in it. [the wetness is AlI solution] 3.531 Chemically Ignited Explosives 1. A mixture of 1 part potassium chlorate to 3 parts table sugar (sucrose) burns fiercely and brightly (similar to the burning of magnesium) when 1 drop of concentrated sulfuric acid is placed on it. What occurs is this: when the acid is added it reacts with the potassium chlorate to form chlorine dioxide, which explodes on formation, burning the sugar as well. 2. Using various chemicals, I have developed a mixture that works very well for imitating volcanic eruptions. I have given it the name 'mpg volcanite' (tm). here it is: potassium chlorate + potassium perchlorate + ammonium nitrate + ammonium dichromate + potassium nitrate + sugar + sulfur + iron filings + charcoal + zinc dust + some coloring agent. (scarlet= strontium nitrate, purple= iodine crystals, yellow= sodium chloride, crimson= calcium chloride, etc...). 3. So, do you think water puts out fires? in this one, it starts it. Mixture: ammonium nitrate + ammonium chloride + iodine + zinc dust. When a drop or two of water is added, the ammonium nitrate forms nitric acid which reacts with the zinc to produce hydrogen and heat. The heat vaporizes the iodine (giving off purple smoke) and the ammonium chloride (becomes purple when mixed with iodine vapor). It also may ignite the hydrogen and begin burning. ammonium nitrate: 8 grams ammonium choride: 1 gram zinc dust: 8 grams iodine crystals: 1 gram 4. Potassium permanganate + glycerine when mixed produces a purple-colored flame in 30 secs-1 min. Works best if the potassium permanganate is finely ground. 5. Calcium carbide + water releases acetylene gas (highly flammable gas used in blow torches...) 6. Scatter out a few crystals of chromic anhydride. Drop on a little ethyl alcohol. It will burst into flame immediately. 7. Mix by weight, four parts ammonium chloride, one part ammonium nitrate, four parts powered zinc. Pour out a small pile of this and make a depression on top. Put one or two drops of water in the depression. Stay well back from this. 8. Put one gram of powdered potassium permanganate into a paper cup. Drop two drops of glycerine onto it. After a few seconds it will burst into flames. 9. Spoon out a small pile of powdered aluminum. Place a small amount of sodium peroxide on top of this. A volume the size of a small pea is about right. One drop of water will cause this to ignite in a blinding flare. 10. Mix by volume 3 parts concentrated sulfuric acid with 2 parts concentrated nitric acid. Hold a dropper of turpentine about 2 feet above the mixture. When drops strike the acid they will burst into flame. 3.532 Unstable Explosive Author: Ingy (The Commanders) 1) mix solid nitric iodine with house- hold ammonia. 2) wait overnight 3) pour off liquid 4) dry mud on bottom to hard (like con- crete) 5) throw something at it! 3.533 Medium Explosive 1) mix: 7 parts potassium chlorate -------------------------- 1 part vaseline 2) to ignite, use an electric charge or a fuse. 3.534 Plastic Explosive 1) mix: 2 parts vaseline ------------------ 1 part gasoline 2) ignite with an electric charge 3.535 Grain Elevator Explosion Want to try your own 'grain-elevator explosion'? Get a candle and some flour. Light the candle and put some flour in your hand. Try various ways of getting the flour to leave your hand and become dust right over the candle flame. The enormous surface area allows all the tiny dust particles to burn, which they do at about the same time, combining to form a fireball effect. In grain elevators, much the same thing happens. If you can get your hands on some lycopodium powder, do. This will work much better, creating huge fireballs that are unexpected. 3.536 Hot Stuff Don't really know what to call this other than 'HOT STUFF' - it gets bloody hot and it eats away at Aluminium in seconds (well almost! heh). 1) Just go to the supermarket and buy some 'DRAINO' or stuff for unblocking drains. 2) Make sure it's the powder one and take out all the bits of metal. Then mix the leftover powder with water to make a hot and steaming liquid. The mixture will then eat at aluminium, etc and really nicely - It doesn't like bicycles....they tend to disappear after a while. 3.537 Firelighter Not really much to this but useful for delayed firelighting with the use of matches or lighting materials. You will need: Glycerin - Get it from your kitchen/medicine drawer. Potassium - This is now more commonly referred to as Permanganate potassium (vii) manganate and can be picked up at the chemist. If they ask you what you want it for just say 'water-purification'. Sugar - If you can't get this; you really are lame! Ok. Take the stuff separately in the following proportions: Glycerin : Potassium Permanganate : Sugar 3 : 9 : 1 Crush the sugar and the glycerin up real well (icing sugar works well) then just pour the glycerin on top and watch - change the proportions a bit and you can have some real fun - try putting a bit of Sulphur in! Hehehehe You can also use this as a detonator for a low-explosives such as gunpowder as it doesn't go out easily!!! Also if you get a lot of it and a good ratio it can be used as a good smoke bomb for indoors since you can run off and it's not going then a minute later there's sweet smoke * EVERYWHERE * and phuck it doesn't set most smoke alarm detectors off! 3.538 GELLED FLAME FUELS Author: Elric of Imrryr From: Improvised Munitions Handbook (TM 31-210), published by the Dept of the Army, 1969. Published from: ==Phrack 15 ==, File 5 of 8 All information is provided only for information purposes only. Construction and/or use may violate local, state, and/or federal laws. (Unless your name is Ollie North) Gelled or paste type fuels are often preferable to raw gasoline for use in incendiary devices such as fire bottles. This type fuel adheres more readily to the target and produces greater heat concentration. Several methods are shown for gelling gasoline using commonly available materials. The methods are divided into the following categories based on the major ingredient: 1. Lye Systems 2. Lye-Alcohol Systems 3. Soap-Alcohol Systems 4. Egg White Systems 5. Wax Systems 3.5381 Lye Systems Lye (also know as caustic soda or Sodium Hydroxide) can be used in combination with powdered rosin or castor oil to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces. Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source --------------- ---------- -------- ------------- 60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle 2 (flake) or Lye Drain cleaner, Food store or Drug store 1 (powder) making of soap 15 Rosin Manufacturing Paint store, chemical supply Paint & Varnish house or Castor Oil Medicine Food and Drug stores Procedure: ______________________________________________________________________________ |CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing | |the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1. Pour gasoline into jar, bottle or other container. (DO NOT USE AN ALUMINUM CONTAINER.) 2. IF rosin is in cake form, crush into small pieces. 3. Add rosin or castor oil to the gasoline and stir for about five minutes to mix thoroughly. 4. In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of water slowly with stirring. ______________________________________________________________________________ |CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is | |spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water. | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 5. Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens (about one minute). NOTE: The sample will eventually thicken to a very firm paste. This can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline. 3.5382 Lye-Alcohol Systems Lye (also know as caustic soda or Sodium Hydroxide) can be used in combination with alcohol and any of several fats to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel. Materials Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source --------------- ---------- -------- ------------- 60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle 2 (flake) or Lye Drain cleaner, Food store or Drug store 1 (powder) making of soap 3 Ethyl Alcohol Whiskey Liquor store Medicine Drug store NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol can be substituted for ethyl alcohol, but their use produces softer gels. 14 Tallow Food Fats rendered by cooking the Making of soap meat or suet of animals. NOTE: The following can be substituted for the tallow: (a) Wool grease (Lanolin) (very good) -- Fat extracted from sheep wool (b) Castor Oil (good) (c) Any vegetable oil (corn, cottonseed, peanut, linseed, etc.) (d) Any fish oil (e) Butter or oleo margarine It is necessary when using substitutes (c) to (e) to double the given amount of fat and of lye for satisfactory body. Procedure: ______________________________________________________________________________ |CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing | |the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1. Pour gasoline into jar, bottle or other container. (DO NOT USE AN ALUMINUM CONTAINER.) 2. Add tallow (or substitute) to the gasoline and stir for about 1/2 minute to dissolve fat. 3. Add alcohol to the gasoline mixture. Mix thoroughly. 4. In a separate container (NOT ALUMINUM) slowly add lye to an equal volume of water. Mixture should be stirred constantly while adding lye. ______________________________________________________________________________ |CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is | |spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water. | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 5. Add lye solution to the gasoline mixture and stir occasionally until thickened (about 1/2 hour) NOTE: The sample will eventually (1 to 2 days) thicken to a very firm paste. This can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline. 3.5383 Soap-Alcohol System Common household soap can be used in combination with alcohol to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces. Materials Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source --------------- ---------- -------- ------------- 36 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle 1 Ethyl Alcohol Whiskey Liquor store Medicine Drug store NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol can be substituted for ethyl alcohol. 20 (powdered) or Laundry soap Washing clothes Stores 28 (flake) NOTE: Unless the word "soap" actually appears somewhere on the container or wrapper, a washing compound is probably a detergent. THESE CAN NOT BE USED. Procedure: ______________________________________________________________________________ |CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing | |the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1. If bar soap is used, carve into thin flakes using a knife. 2. Pour Alcohol and gasoline into a jar, bottle or other container and mix thoroughly. 3. Add soap powder or flakes to gasoline-alcohol mix and stir occasionally until thickened (about 15 minutes). 3.5384 Egg System The white of any bird egg can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel. Materials Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source --------------- ---------- -------- ------------- 85 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle 14 Egg Whites Food Food store, farms Any one of the following 1 Table Salt Food, industrial Sea Water, Natural brine, processes Food stores 3 Ground Coffee Food Food store 3 Dried Tea Food Food store Leaves 3 Cocoa Food Food store 2 Sugar Food Food store 1 Saltpeter Pyrotechnics Drug store (Niter) Explosives chemical supply store (Potassium Matches Nitrate) Medicine 1 Epsom salts Medicine Drug store, food store industrial processes 2 Washing soda Washing cleaner Food store (Sal soda) Medicine Drug store Photography Photo supply store 1 1/2 Baking soda Baking Food store Manufacturing: Drug store Beverages, Mineral waters, and Medicine 1 1/2 Aspirin Medicine Drug store Food store Procedure: ______________________________________________________________________________ |CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing | |the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1. Separate egg white from yolk. This can be done by breaking the egg into a dish and carefully removing the yolk with a spoon. ______________________________________________________________________________ |NOTE: DO NOT GET THE YELLOW EGG YOLK MIXED INTO THE EGG WHITE. If egg yolk| |gets into the egg white, discard the egg. | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 2. Pour egg white into a jar, bottle, or other container and add gasoline. 3. Add the salt (or other additive) to the mixture and stir occasionally until gel forms (about 5 to 10 minutes). NOTE: A thicker flame fuel can be obtained by putting the capped jar in hot (65 C) water for about 1/2 hour and then letting them cool to room temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE). 3.5385 Wax System Any of several common waxes can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel. Materials Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source --------------- ---------- -------- ------------- 80 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle 20 Wax Leather polish, Food store, drug store, (Ozocerite, sealing wax, department store Mineral wax, candles, fossil wax, waxed paper, ceresin wax furniture & beeswax) floor waxes, lithographing. Procedure: 1. Melt the wax and pour into jar or bottle which has been placed in a hot water bath. 2. Add gasoline to the bottle. 3. When wax has completely dissolved in the gasoline, allow the water bath to cool slowly to room temperature. NOTE: If a gel does not form, add additional wax (up to 40% by volume) and repeat the above steps. If no gel forms with 40% wax, make a Lye solution by dissolving a small amount of Lye (Sodium Hydroxide) in an equal amount of water. Add this solution (1/2% by volume) to the gasoline wax mix and shake bottle until a gel forms. Well, that's it, I omitted a few things because they where either redundant, or more aimed toward battle field conditions. Be careful, don't get caught, and have fun... 3.539 HTH/Brake Fluid Incendiary Author: Jack The Ripper From: Anarchy Today, Article #7 Issue #1 This is a very effective time delayed incendiary that anyone can make, and get the materials too. It is simple and easy and inexpensive, so enjoy. Also this incendiary bursts into flames when brake fluid comes in contact with the Calcium Hypochlorite. Name Sources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Granular Calcium Hypochlorite 70% HTH swimming Swimming pool supply pool purifier house or bleaching agent Brake Fluid Auto Parts Store or Gas Station Two Cans of *EQUAL* size Tape Nail or Small Drill -=-=-=-=-=- -PROCEDURE- -=-=-=-=-=- 1) Take your two cans and remove the contents, and then wash them out thouroughly. Now drill or puncture a small hole in the bottom center of one of the cans. 2) Now drill or puncture a series of small holes evenly spaced in the side of the other can, and cover them with tape. 3) Now tape the top can (the can with one hole) on top of the other can (the one with a lot of holes taped over) 4) Now place this set up in the center of a pile of Calcium Hypochlorite. Now Depending on the delay time required remove the tape from over the appropriate number of holes. 5) To start the delay just add brake fluid to the top can and let it start to drip down. -=-=-=-=- -Diagram- -=-=-=-=- ------------------<------Top Can |________________| || || || || || || || <---------Brake Fluid || || ||_______O<-----------Drip Hole ------------------ +++ ++++++++++++++++++<-------Tape bonding cans together ------------------ | | | O |<------ O's are the delay holes | | |+++++++O++++++++|<------Taped over hole | | | O | &&&&&&| |&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&|+++++++O++++++++|<------Taped over hole &&&&&&&&&&&&&&------------------&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& <------ &'s is the Calcium Hypochlorite 3.540 Percussion Explosives This section will not only introduce a couple of mixtures with interesting possibilities, but it will also demonstrate how sensitive mixtures containing Potassium Chlorate can be. Keep in mind that Chlorate mixtures can be a LOT more sensitive than the ones shown here. Mix 1 part by weight of Sulfur, and 3 parts Potassium Chlorate. Each should be ground separately in a mortar. They should be mixed lightly without any pressure on a sheet of paper. A small amount of this mixture (less than one gram!!) placed on a hard surface and struck with a hammer will explode with a loud report. Mix the following parts by weight, the same way as above, Potassium Chlorate 6 Lampblack 4 Sulfur 1 Both of these mixtures are flammable. Mix small quantities only. 3.541 Molded Bricks That Burn Proportions are 3 parts aluminum powder, 4 parts water and 5 parts plaster of paris. Mix the aluminum and plaster thoroughly together, then add the water and stir vigorously. Pour the resulting mix into a mold, let harden, and then dry for 2 to 3 weeks. These blocks are hard to ignite, and take a long time to make, but when ignited on mild steel, they have a tendency to melt it. 3.542 Chlorate-Sugar mix This mixture can be either an incendiary or an explosive. Sugar is the common granulated household type. Either potassium chlorate (KClO3) or sodium chlorate (NaClO3) can be used; but potassium is potassium is preferred. Proportions can be by equal parts or by volume, or 3 parts chlorate to 2 parts sugar preferred. Mix in or on a non-sparking surface. Unconfined, the mixture is an incendiary. Confined in a tightly capped length of pipe, it will explode when a spark is introduced. Such a pipe will produce lovely casualties, but is not very good for breaching of cutting up. Concentrated sulfuric acid will ignite this very fast burning incendiary mixture. Placing the acid in a gelatin capsule, balloon, or other suitable container will provide a delay, (length of which depends on how long it takes for the acid to eat through the container). 3.543 Potassium Permanganate And Sugar Another fast burning, first fire mix is obtained by mixing potassium permanganate, 9 parts, to one part sugar. It is some what hotter than the chlorate sugar mix, and can be ignited by the addition of a few drops of glycerine. 3.544 Super Bottle Rockets Go down to a hobby shop and buy some Estes rocket engines and some small dowels, you can make these babies. Attach the dowel to the rocket casing with tape or glue and be SURE to plug you the top end of the engine so you get a bigger bang for your money. Epoxy works well for this. The great thing about it is that they go VERY FAST and VERY FAR. The speed is enough to knock out anything easily. You can go for A, B, C, or D engines but remember that the heavier and more powerful the engine, the longer the dowel you will need. Buy the C6-7 engines with a 6 second burn and 7 second delay for discharge. 3.6 IMPROVISED OR SUPERMARKET EXPLOSIVES 3.61 Explosive from match heads The chemical on the heads of safety matches is a powerful explosive. It is similar to black powder but has a lower ignition temperature (more sensative to heat) and unlike black powder is easily detonated by impact. This feature moves it up into the high explosives class. To test this, lay a paper safety match on a hard flat surface and hit the head sharply with a hammer. What do you know! It goes bang! To collect a quantity of this explosive, it is best to use wooden safety matches. Buy several cartons. They're cheap. Note that these should be safety matches, not the strike anywhere kind. Pinch the head near the bottom with a pair of wire cutters to break it up; then use the edges of the cutters to scrape off the loose material. It gets easy with practice. You can do this while watching TV and collect enough for a bomb without dieing of boredom. Once you have a good batch of it, you can load it into a pipe instead of black powder. Be careful not to get any in the threads, and wipe off any that gets on the end of the pipe. Never try to use this stuff for rocket fuel. A science teacher was killed that way. 3.62 Quick formula for HIGH EXPLOSIVES! Author: GArbled USEr 88% Ammonium nitrate 12% Charcoal powder. (See below on how to get Ammonium Nitrate) So.. as you can see.. The modern anarchist is supplied with what he needs, by the very entity he uses it to destroy! In a single house alone.. there is probably enough explosives to take a nice big building down! By simply walking down to the corner store.. many more are found.. Butane fuel, fireworks, alcohols.. the whole bit! Your local hardware store sells nice stuff like aluminum powder, toluene(!!!!) and pipes! Plus other assorted goodies if you know what to look for. The grocery store has even MORE! Instant cold packs. They are just water and AMONIUM NITRATE!! heh heh.. I need say no more. So.. my advice to you, the budding young anarchist... Go to your favorite store.. Read lables.. If it sez DO NOT MIX WITH blah blah. MIX IT!! If it sez to keep away from fire, drop a match in it. Look for your necessary anarchy ingredients in your favorite products.. and if you are lucky enough.. You may find EXACTLY what you were looking for! This has been another GArblEd UsEr / FBI presentation!! 1999 FBI. All Rights Systematically Destroyed. 3.63 Gunpowder Replacements (for the anarchist in a jam for time) Author: Garbled User Simple replacements for gunpowder. Rocket engine powder(ground up) Ground up match heads Emptied out bullets and shells. Emptied out Bottle rockets and other assorted fireworks. These replacements will do nicely in a REAL jam. And even when you have the right equipment.. Most of these work equally or better than the real thing. Except maybe the match heads.. they have a knack for being more like flash powder.. but are still comparable!! 3.64 Improvised Gelatine Explosive from Anti-Freeze Author: The Lich This explosive is almost the same as the nitro-gelatin plastique explosive exept that it is supple and pliable to -10 to -20 deg. C.. Antifreeze is easier to obtain than glycerine and is usually cheaper. It needs to be freed of water before the manufacture and this can be done by treating it with calcium chlor- ide until a specific gravity of 1.12 @ o deg. C. or 1.11 @ 20 deg. C. is obtained. This can be done by adding calcium chloride to the antifreeze and checking with a hydrometer and continue to add calcium chloride until the proper reading is obtained. The antifreeze is then filtered to remove the calcium chloride from the liquid. This explosive is superior to nitro-gelatin in that it is easier to collidon the IMR smokeless powder into the explosive and that the 50/50 ether ethyl alcohol can be done away with. It is superior in that the formation of the collidon is done very rapidly by the nitroethelene glycol. It's detonation properties are practically the same as the nitro- gelatine. Like the nitro-gelatine it is highly flammable and if caught on fire the chances are good that the flame will progress to detonation. In this explosive as in nitro-gelatine the addition of 1% sodium carbonate is a good idea to reduce the chance of recidual acid being present in the final explos- ive. The following is a slightly different formula than nitro-gelatine: Nitro-glycol 75% Guncotton (IMR) 6% Potassium Nitrate 14% Flour (baking) 5% In this process the 50/50 step is omitted. Mix the potassium nitrate with the nitro-glycol. Remember that this nitro-glycol is just as sensitive to shock as is nitroglycerin. The next step is to mix in the flour and sodium carbonate. Mix these by kneading with gloved hands until the mixture is uniform. This kneading should be done gently and slowly. The mixture should be uniform when the IMR smokeless powder is added. Again this is kneaded to uniformity. Use this explosive as soon as possible. If it must be stored, store in a cool, dry place (0-10 deg. C.). This explosive should detonate at 7600-7800 m/sec.. These two explosives are very powerful and should be sensitive to a #6 blasting cap or equivelent. These explosives are dangerous and should not be made unless the manufacturer has had experience with this type compound. The foolish and ignor- ant may as well forget these explosives as they won't live to get to use them. Don't get me wrong, these explosives have been manufactured for years with an amazing record of safety. Millions of tons of nitroglycerine have been made and used to manufacture dynamite and explosives of this nature with very few mis- haps. Nitroglycerin and nitroglycol will kill and their main victims are the stupid and foolhardy. Before manufacturing these explosives take a drop of nitroglycerin and soak into a small piece of filter paper and place it on an anvil. Hit this drop with a hammer and don't put any more on the anvil. See what I mean! This explosive compound is not to be taken lightly. If there are any doubts DON'T. 3.65 Improvised Plastique Explosive from Aspirin Author: The Lich This explosive is a phenol dirivative. It is toxic and explosive compounds made from picric acid are poisonous if inhaled, ingested, or handled and absor- bed through the skin. The toxicity of this explosive restrict's its use due to the fact that over exposure in most cases causes liver and kidney failure and sometimes death if immediate treatment is not obtained. This explosive is a cousin to T.N.T. but is more powerful than it's cousin. It is the first explosive used militarily and was adopted in 1888 as an artillery shell filler. Originally this explosive was derived from coal tar but thanx to modern chemistry you can make this explosive easily in approximately three hours from acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin purified). This procedure involves dissolving the acetylsalicylic acid in warm sulfuric acid and adding sodium or potassium nitrate which nitrates the purified aspirin and the whole mixture drowned in water and filtered to obtain the final pro- duct. This explosive is called trinitrophenol. Care should be taken to ensure that this explosive is stored in glass containers. Picric acid will form dang- erous salts when allowed to contact all metals exept tin and aluminum. These salts are primary explosive and are super sensitive. They also will cause the detonation of the picric acid. To make picric acid obtain some aspirin. The cheaper brands work best but buffered brands should be avoided. Powder these tablets to a fine consistancy. To extract the acetylsalicylic acid from this powder place this powder in methyl alcohol and stir vigorously. Not all of the powder will dissolve. Filter this powder out of the alcohol. Again wash this powder that was filtered out of the alcohol with more alcohol but with a lesser amount than the first extrac- tion. Again filter the remaining powder out of the alcohol. Combine the now clear alcohol and allow it to evaporate in a pyrex dish. When the alcohol has evaporated there will be a surprising amount of crystals in the bottom of the pyrex dish. Take fourty grams of these purified acetylsalicylic acid crystals and dissolve them in 150 ml. of sulfuric acid (98%, specify gravity 1.8) and heat to diss- olve all the crystals. This heating can be done in a common electric frying pan with the thermostat set on 150 deg. F. and filled with a good cooking oil. When all the crystals have dissolved in the sulfuric acid take the beaker, that you've done all this dissolving in (600 ml.), out of the oil bath. This next step will need to be done with a very good ventilation system (it is a good idea to do any chemistry work such as the whole procedure and any procedure on this disk with good ventilation or outside). Slowly start adding 58 g. of sodium nitrate or 77 g. of potassium nitrate to te acid mixture in the beaker very slowly in small portions with vigorous stirring. A red gas (nitrogen tri- oxide) will be formed and this should be avoided. The mixture is likely to foam up and the addition should be stopped until the foaming goes down to prevent the overflow of the acid mixture in the beaker. When the sodium or potassium nitrate has been added the mixture is allowed to cool somewhat (30- 40 deg. C.). The solution should then be dumped slowly into twice it's volume of crushed ice and water. The brilliant yellow crystals will form in the water. These should be filtered out and placed in 200 ml. of boiling distilled water. This water is allowed to cool and then the crystals are then filtered out of the water. These crystals are a very, very pure trinitrophenol. These crystals are then placed in a pyrex dish and places in an oil bath and heated to 80 deg. C. and held there for 2 hours. This temperature is best maintained and checked with a thermometer. The crystals are then powdered in small quantities to a face powder consistency. These powdered crystals are then mixed with 10% by weight wax and 5% vaseline which are heated to melting temperature and poured into the crystals. The mixing is best done by kneading together with gloved hands. This explosive should have a useful plsticity range of 0-40 deg. C.. The detonation velocity should be around 7000 m/sec.. It is toxic to handle but simply made from common ingredients and is suitable for most demolition work requiring a moderately high detonation velocity. It is very suitable for shaped charges and some steel cutting charges. It is not as good an explosive as C-4 or other R.D.X. based explosives but it is much easier to make. Again this explosive is very toxic and should be treated with great care. AVOID HANDLING BARE-HANDED, BREATHING DUST AND FUMES, AVOID ANY CHANCE OF INGESTION. AFTER UTENSILS ARE USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THIS EXPLOSIVE RETIRE THEM FROM THE KITCHEN AS THE CHANCE OF POISONING IS NOT WORTH THE RISK. THIS EXPLOSIVE, IF MANUFACTURED AS ABOVE, AHOULD BE SAFE IN STORAGE BUT WITH ANY HOMEMADE EXPLOSIVE STORAGE OS NOT RECOMENDED AND EXPLOSIVES SHOULD BE MADE UP AS NEEDED. A V O I D C O N T A C T W I T H A L L M E T A L S E X E P T T I N 3.66 Improvised Plastique Explosive from Bleach Author: The Lich This explosive is a potassium chlorate explosive. This explosive and explosives of similar composition were used in World War II as the main explosive filler in gernades, land mines, and mortar used by French, German, and other forces involoved in that conflict. These explosives are relatively safe to manufacture. One should strive to make sure these explosives are free of sulfur, sulfides, and picric acid. The presence of these compounds result in mixtures that are or can become highly sensitive and possibly decompose ex- plosively while in storage. The manufacture of this explosive from bleach is given as just an expediant method. This method of manufacturing potassium chlorate is not economical due to the amount of energy used to boil the sol- ution and cause the 'dissociation' reaction to take place. This procedure does work and yields a relatively pure and a sulfur/sulfide free product. These explosives are very cap sensitive and require only a #3 cap for instigating detonation. To manufacture potassium chlorate from bleach (5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution) obtain a heat source (hot plate stove etc.) a battery hydrometer, a large pyrex or enameled steel container (to weigh chemicals), and some potassium chloride (sold as salt substitute). Take one gallon of bleach, place it in the container and begin heating it. While this solution heats, weigh out 63 g. potassium chloride and add this to the bleach being heated. Bring this solution to a boil and boiled until when checked by a hydrometer the reading is 1.3 (if a battery hydrometer is used it should read full charge). When the reading is 1.3 take the solution and let it cool in the refrigerator until it's between room temperature and 0 deg. C.. Filter out the crystals that have formed and save them. Boil the solution again until it reads 1.3 on the hydrometer and again cool the solution. Filter out the crystals that have formed and save them. Boil this solution again and cool as before. Filter and save the crystals. Take these crystals that have been saved and mix them with distilled water in the following proportions: 56 g. per 100 ml. distilled water. Heat this solution until it boils and allow it to cool. Filter the solution and save the crystals that form upon cooling. The process if purifi- cation is called fractional crystalization. These crystals should be relatively pure potassium chlorate. Powder these to the consistency of face powder (400 mesh) and heat gently to drive off all moisture. Melt five parts vasoline and five parts wax. Dissolve this in white gasoline (camp stove gasoline) and pour this liquid on 90 parts potassium chlorate (the crystals from the above operation) in a plastic bowl. Knead this liquid into the potassium chlorate until immediately mixed. Allow all the gasoline to evaporate. Place this explosive in a cool, dry place. Avoid friction, sulfur, sulfide, and phosphorous compounds. This explosive is best molded to the desired shape and density (1.3g./cc.) and dipped in wax to water proof. These block type charges guarantee the highest detonation velocity. This explosive is really not suited to use in shaped charge applications due to its relatively low detonation velocity. It is comparable to 40% ammonia dynamite and can be considered the same for the sake of charge computation. If the potassium chlorate is bought and not made it is put into the manufacture pro- cess in the powdering stages preceding the addition of the wax/vaseline mix- ture. This explosive is bristant and powerful. The addition of 2-3% aluminum powder increases its blast effect. Detonation velocity is 3300 m/sec.. 3.67 Improvised Plastique From Swimming Pool Chlorinating Compound Written by: The Lich This explosive is a chlorate explosive from bleach. This method of production of potassium or sodium chlorate is easier and yields a more pure product than does the plastique explosive from bleach process. In this reaction the H.T.H. (calcium hypochlorite CaC10) is mixed with water and heated with either sodium chloride (table salt, rock salt) or potassium chloride (salt substitute). The latter of these salts is the salt of choice due to the easy crystalization of the potassium chlorate. This mixture will need to be boiled to ensure complete reaction of the ingredients. Obtain some H.T.H. swimming pool chlorination compound or equivilant (usually 65% calcium hypochlorite). As with the bleach process mentioned earlier the reaction described below is also a dissociation reaction. In a large pyrex glass or enamled steel container place 1200g. H.T.H. and 220g. potassium chloride or 159g. sodium chloride. Add enough boiling water to dissolve the powder and boil this solution. A chalky substance (calcium chloride) will be formed. When the formation of this chalky substance is no longer formed the solution is filtered while boiling hot. If potassium chloride was used potassium chlorate will be formed. This potassium chlorate will drop out or crystalize as the clear liquid left after filtering cools. These crystals are filtered out when the solution reaches room temperature. If the sodium chloride salt was used this clear filtrate (clear liquid after filter- ation) will need to have all water evaporated. This will leave crystals which should be saved. These crystals should be heated in a slightly warm oven in a pyrex dish to drive off all traces of water (40-75 deg. C.). These crystals are ground to a very fine powder (400 mesh). If the sodium chloride salt is used in the initial step the crystalization is much more time consuming. The potassium chloride is the salt to use as the resulting product will crystalize out of the solution as it cools. The powdered and completely dry chlorate crystals are kneaded together with vaseline in a plastic bowl. ALL CHLORATE BASED EXPLOSIVES ARE SENSITIVE TO FRICTION AND SHOCK AND THESE SHOULD BE AVOIDED. If sodium chloride is used in this explosive it will have a tendancy to cake and has a slightly lower detonation velocity. This explosive is composed of the following: potassium/sodium chlorate 90% vaseline 10% The detonation velocity can be raised to a slight extent by the addition of 2-3% aluminum sunstituted for 2-3% of the vaseline. This addition of this aluminum will give the explosive a bright flash if set off at night which will ruin night vision for a short while. The detonation velocity of this explosive is approximately 3200 m/sec. for the potassium salt and 2900 m/sec. for the sodium salt based explosive. 3.68 Chlorate Mixtures NOTE: The main ingredient for this experiment is potassium or sodium chlorate. Both of these will do equally well. However, both may prove difficult to find. Probably the only way to get it would be to order it through a chemical supply house. Potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate. Powdered charcoal Powdered aluminum Sulfur NOTE: There is no set procedure for making chlorate mixtures. The only special thing ABOUT chlorate mixtures is that they have a chlorate in them. Experiment with different proportions of each of the ingredients. All of the chlorate mixtures I made had no set procedure and I just experimented with the proportions of each of the ingredients. Most of your mixture, however, should be potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate. 1) Make sure that you mix the sulfur and charcoal and aluminum first. You may grind these in a mortar and pestal to get a good mix of these ingredients. 2) Add potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate. Mix them VERY CAREFULLY in the mortar and pestal. DO NOT GRIND the mixture once the chlorate has been added or it will ignite and burn the shit out of you. 3) You now may use the mixture for whatever you want to. Chlorate mixtures are some of the best compositions there are and, in my experiences, they are the best except for model rocket propellant (procedure for making this is given later). 3.69 Improvised Napalm In talking about this, I have found that there are many ways to this wonderful substance. My favorite is by mixing gasoline and styrofoam. Usually in a metal can. Keep adding the styrofoam until the mix is very stinky, an then add a little bit of kerosine. Another method is by taking a double boiler, filling the bottom portion with approx 3/4 full of water. Put either gasoline or kerosine into the top. Add pure SOAP chips to the mix. Heat the fuel until it boils and then simmers. Stir constantly until the desired consistency is reached: remember that it will thicken further on cooling. Last we come the 'Soldier' technique, anyone who saw this movie will recognize this one. Carefully heat the end of a 100 watt light bulb. again-carfully remove the metal end and internal parts. Fill the glass bulb with half gasoline. and then 1/4 more with dish washing liquid. Finally take rubber cement and glue the two parts back together. Be sure that you put enough mixture into the build so that the metal wire is well submerged before use and during. 3.70 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS 3.71 Construction Project: Atomic Bomb From: The Journal of Irreproducible Results Vol. 25, No. 4 (1979) 1. Introduction: Worldwide controversy has been generated recently from several court decisions in the united states which have restricted popular magazines from printing articles which describe how to make an atomic bomb. The reason usually given by the courts is that national security would be compromised if such information were generally available. But, since it is commonly known that all of the information is publicly available in most major metropolitan libraries, obviously the court's officially stated position is covering up a more important factor; namely, that such atomic devices would prove too difficult for the average citizen to construct. The courts cannot afford to insult the vast majorities by insinuating that they do not have the intelligence of a cabbage, and the stated "official" press releases claim national security as a blanket restriction. The rumors that have unfortunately occurred as a result of widespread misinformation can (and must) be cleared up now, for the construction project this month is the construction of a thermonuclear device, which will hopefully clear up any misconceptions you might have about such a project. We will see how easy it is to make a device of your very own in ten easy steps, to have and hold as you see fit, without annoying interference from the government or the courts. The project will cost between $5,000 and $30,000, depending on how fancy you want the final product to be. Since last week's column, "let's make a time machine", was received so well in the new step-by-step format, this month's column will follow the same format. 2. Construction Method: 1. First, obtain about 50 pounds (110 KG) of weapons grade plutonium at your local supplier (SEE NOTE 1). A nuclear power plant is not recommended, as large quantities of missing plutonium tends to make plant engineers unhappy. We suggest that you contact your local terrorist organization, or perhaps Young Achievers or Junior Achievement in your local neighbourhood. 2. Please remember that plutonium, especially pure, refined plutonium, is somewhat dangerous. Wash your hands with soap and warm water after handling the material, and don't allow your children or pets to play in it or eat it. Any left over plutonium dust is excellent as an insect repellant. You may wish to keep the substance in a lead box if you can find one in your local junk yard, but an old coffee can will do nicely. 3. Fashion together a metal enclosure to house the device. Most common varieties of sheet metal can be bent to disguise this enclosure as, for example, a briefcase, a lunch pail, or a buick. Do not use tinfoil. 4. Arrange the plutonium into two hemispheral shapes, separated by aboutk 4cm. Use rubber cement to hold the plutonium dust together. Gelignite is much better, but messier to work with. Your helpful hardware man will be happy to provide you with this item. 5. Pack the TNT around the hemisphere arrangement constructed in step 4. If you cannot find gelignite, feel free to use TNT packed in with play-dough or any modeling clay. coloured clay is acceptable, but there is no need to get fancy at this point. 6. Enclose the structure from step 5 into the enclosure made in step 3. Use a strong glue such as "crazy glue" to bind the hemisphere arrangement against the enclosure to prevent accidental detonation which might result from vibration of mishandling. 7. To detonate the device, obtain a radio controlled (RC) servo mechanism, as found in RC model airplanes and cars. With a minimum of effort, a remote plunger can be made that will strike a detonator cap to effect a small explosion. These detonator caps can be found in the electrical supply section of your local supermarket. We recommend the "blast-o-matic" brand because they are NO DEPOSIT-NO RETURN. 8. Now hide the completed device from the neighbours and children. The garage is not recommended because of high humidity and the extreme range of temperatures experienced there. Nuclear devices have been known to spontaneously detonate in these unstable conditions. The hall closet or under the kitchen sink will be perfectly suitable. 9. Now you are the proud owner of a working thermonuclear device! It is a great ice-breaker at parties, and in a pinch, can be used for national defense. 3. Theory of Operation: The device basically works when the detonated tnt compresses the plutonium into a critical mass. The critical mass then produces a nuclear chain reaction similar to the domino chain reaction (Discussed in this column, "Dominos on the March" March, 1968). The chain reaction then promptly produces a big thermonuclear reaction. And there you have it, a 10 megaton explosion! 4. Next month's Column: In next month's column, we will learn how to clone your neighbour's wife in six easy steps. This project promises to be an exciting weekend full of fun and profit. Common kitchen utensils will be all you need. See you all next month! 5. Notes: 1. Plutonium (P), atomic number 94, atomic weight 244, is a radioactive metallic element formed by the decay of neptunium and is similar in chemical structure to uranium, saturium, jupiternium, and marsium. 6. Previous month's columns 1. Let's make test tube babies! March, 1984 2. Let's make a solar system! April, 1984 3. Let's make an economic recession! May, 1984 4. Let's make an anti-gravity machine! June, 1984 5. Let's make contact with an alien race! July, 1984 ============================================================================ ------------------------------------------------- 3.8 - Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb - ------------------------------------------------- ============================================================================ -------------------------------- File courtesy of Outlaw Labs -------------------------------- ______________ / \ <-} DISCLAIMER {-> \______________/ The information contained in this file is strictly for academic use alone. Outlaw Labs will bear no responsibility for any use otherwise. It would be wise to note that the personnel who design and construct these devices are skilled physicists and are more knowledgeable in these matters than any layperson can ever hope to be... Should a layperson attempt to build a device such as this, chances are s/he would probably kill his/herself not by a nuclear detonation, but rather through radiation exposure. We here at Outlaw Labs do not recommend using this file beyond the realm of casual or academic curiosity. ============================================================================ ----------------------- -+ Table of Contents +- ----------------------- I. The History of the Atomic Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 III. The Mechanism of The Bomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 IV. The Diagram of the Atomic Bomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.81 I. The History of the Atomic Bomb ------------------------------ On August 2nd 1939, just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote to then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several other scientists told Roosevelt of efforts in Nazi Germany to purify U-235 with which might in turn be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly thereafter that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known only then as the Manhattan Project. Simply put, the Manhattan Project was committed to expedient research and production that would produce a viable atomic bomb. The most complicated issue to be addressed was the production of ample amounts of `enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time, Uranium-235 was very hard to extract. In fact, the ratio of conversion from Uranium ore to Uranium metal is 500:1. An additional drawback is that the 1 part of Uranium that is finally refined from the ore consists of over 99% Uranium-238, which is practically useless for an atomic bomb. To make it even more difficult, U-235 and U-238 are precisely similar in their chemical makeup. This proved to be as much of a challenge as separating a solution of sucrose from a solution of glucose. No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238. Several scientists at Columbia University managed to solve this dilemma. A massive enrichment laboratory/plant was constructed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H.C. Urey, along with his associates and colleagues at Columbia University, devised a system that worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion. Following this process, Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes. Following the first two processes, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the lighter U-235 from the heavier non-fissionable U-238 by their mass. Once all of these procedures had been completed, all that needed to be done was to put to the test the entire concept behind atomic fission. [For more information on these procedures of refining Uranium, see Section 3.] Over the course of six years, ranging from 1939 to 1945, more than 2 billion dollars were spent on the Manhattan Project. The formulas for refining Uranium and putting together a working bomb were created and seen to their logical ends by some of the greatest minds of our time. Among these people who unleashed the power of the atomic bomb was J. Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion. Finally the day came when all at Los Alamos would find out whether or not The Gadget (code-named as such during its development) was either going to be the colossal dud of the century or perhaps end the war. It all came down to a fateful morning of midsummer, 1945. At 5:29:45 (Mountain War Time) on July 16th, 1945, in a white blaze that stretched from the basin of the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico to the still-dark skies, The Gadget ushered in the Atomic Age. The light of the explosion then turned orange as the atomic fireball began shooting upwards at 360 feet per second, reddening and pulsing as it cooled. The characteristic mushroom cloud of radioactive vapor materialized at 30,000 feet. Beneath the cloud, all that remained of the soil at the blast site were fragments of jade green radioactive glass. All of this caused by the heat of the reaction. The brilliant light from the detonation pierced the early morning skies with such intensity that residents from a faraway neighboring community would swear that the sun came up twice that day. Even more astonishing is that a blind girl saw the flash 120 miles away. Upon witnessing the explosion, reactions among the people who created it were mixed. Isidor Rabi felt that the equilibrium in nature had been upset -- as if humankind had become a threat to the world it inhabited. J. Robert Oppenheimer, though ecstatic about the success of the project, quoted a remembered fragment from Bhagavad Gita. "I am become Death," he said, "the destroyer of worlds." Ken Bainbridge, the test director, told Oppenheimer, "Now we're all sons of bitches." Several participants, shortly after viewing the results, signed petitions against loosing the monster they had created, but their protests fell on deaf ears. As it later turned out, the Jornada del Muerto of New Mexico was not the last site on planet Earth to experience an atomic explosion. As many know, atomic bombs have been used only twice in warfare. The first and foremost blast site of the atomic bomb is Hiroshima. A Uranium bomb (which weighed in at over 4 & 1/2 tons) nicknamed "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima August 6th, 1945. The Aioi Bridge, one of 81 bridges connecting the seven-branched delta of the Ota River, was the aiming point of the bomb. Ground Zero was set at 1,980 feet. At 0815 hours, the bomb was dropped from the Enola Gay. It missed by only 800 feet. At 0816 hours, in the flash of an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion. The point of total vaporization from the blast measured one half of a mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged at one mile in diameter. Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles in diameter. At two and a half miles, everything flammable in the area burned. The remaining area of the blast zone was riddled with serious blazes that stretched out to the final edge at a little over three miles in diameter. [See diagram below for blast ranges from the atomic blast.] On August 9th 1945, Nagasaki fell to the same treatment as Hiroshima. Only this time, a Plutonium bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" was dropped on the city. Even though the "Fat Man" missed by over a mile and a half, it still leveled nearly half the city. Nagasaki's population dropped in one split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were injured. That blast was less than 10 kilotons as well. Estimates from physicists who have studied each atomic explosion state that the bombs that were used had utilized only 1/10th of 1 percent of their respective explosive capabilities. While the mere explosion from an atomic bomb is deadly enough, its destructive ability doesn't stop there. Atomic fallout creates another hazard as well. The rain that follows any atomic detonation is laden with radioactive particles. Many survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki blasts succumbed to radiation poisoning due to this occurrence. The atomic detonation also has the hidden lethal surprise of affecting the future generations of those who live through it. Leukemia is among the greatest of afflictions that are passed on to the offspring of survivors. While the main purpose behind the atomic bomb is obvious, there are many by-products that have been brought into consideration in the use of all weapons atomic. With one small atomic bomb, a massive area's communications, travel and machinery will grind to a dead halt due to the EMP (Electro-Magnetic Pulse) that is radiated from a high-altitude atomic detonation. These high-level detonations are hardly lethal, yet they deliver a serious enough EMP to scramble any and all things electronic ranging from copper wires all the way up to a computer's CPU within a 50 mile radius. At one time, during the early days of The Atomic Age, it was a popular notion that one day atomic bombs would one day be used in mining operations and perhaps aid in the construction of another Panama Canal. Needless to say, it never came about. Instead, the military applications of atomic destruction increased. Atomic tests off of the Bikini Atoll and several other sites were common up until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was introduced. Photos of nuclear test sites here in the United States can be obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. ============================================================================ - Breakdown of the Atomic Bomb's Blast Zones - ---------------------------------------------- . . . . . . . . [5] [4] [5] . . . . . . . . . . [3] _ [3] . . . [2] . . . _._ . . .~ ~. . . . [4] . .[2]. [1] .[2]. . [4] . . . . . . . ~-.-~ . . . [2] . . . [3] - [3] . . . . . . ~ ~ . ~ [5] . [4] . [5] . . . . . . ============================================================================ - Diagram Outline - --------------------- [1] Vaporization Point ------------------ Everything is vaporized by the atomic blast. 98% fatalities. Overpress=25 psi. Wind velocity=320 mph. [2] Total Destruction ----------------- All structures above ground are destroyed. 90% fatalities. Overpress=17 psi. Wind velocity=290 mph. [3] Severe Blast Damage ------------------- Factories and other large-scale building collapse. Severe damage to highway bridges. Rivers sometimes flow countercurrent. 65% fatalities, 30% injured. Overpress=9 psi. Wind velocity=260 mph. [4] Severe Heat Damage ------------------ Everything flammable burns. People in the area suffocate due to the fact that most available oxygen is consumed by the fires. 50% fatalities, 45% injured. Overpress=6 psi. Wind velocity=140 mph. [5] Severe Fire & Wind Damage ------------------------- Residency structures are severely damaged. People are blown around. 2nd and 3rd-degree burns suffered by most survivors. 15% dead. 50% injured. Overpress=3 psi. Wind velocity=98 mph. - Blast Zone Radii - ---------------------- [3 different bomb types] ____________________________________________________________________________ ┌──────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ -[10 KILOTONS]- │ │ -[1 MEGATON]- │ │ -[20 MEGATONS]- │ ├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤ │ Airburst - 1,980 ft │ │ Airburst - 8,000 ft │ │ Airburst - 17,500 ft │ ├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ [1] 0.5 miles │ │ [1] 2.5 miles │ │ [1] 8.75 miles │ │ [2] 1 mile │ │ [2] 3.75 miles │ │ [2] 14 miles │ │ [3] 1.75 miles │ │ [3] 6.5 miles │ │ [3] 27 miles │ │ [4] 2.5 miles │ │ [4] 7.75 miles │ │ [4] 31 miles │ │ [5] 3 miles │ │ [5] 10 miles │ │ [5] 35 miles │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └──────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────┘ __________________________________________________________________________ ============================================================================ 3.82 II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion ------------------------------ There are 2 types of atomic explosions that can be facilitated by U-235; fission and fusion. Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, with the evolution of approximately 100 million to several hundred million volts of energy. This energy is expelled explosively and violently in the atomic bomb. A fusion reaction is invariably started with a fission reaction, but unlike the fission reaction, the fusion (Hydrogen) bomb derives its power from the fusing of nuclei of various hydrogen isotopes in the formation of helium nuclei. Being that the bomb in this file is strictly atomic, the other aspects of the Hydrogen Bomb will be set aside for now. The massive power behind the reaction in an atomic bomb arises from the forces that hold the atom together. These forces are akin to, but not quite the same as, magnetism. Atoms are comprised of three sub-atomic particles. Protons and neutrons cluster together to form the nucleus (central mass) of the atom while the electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets around a sun. It is these particles that determine the stability of the atom. Most natural elements have very stable atoms which are impossible to split except by bombardment by particle accelerators. For all practical purposes, the one true element whose atoms can be split comparatively easily is the metal Uranium. Uranium's atoms are unusually large, henceforth, it is hard for them to hold together firmly. This makes Uranium-235 an exceptional candidate for nuclear fission. Uranium is a heavy metal, heavier than gold, and not only does it have the largest atoms of any natural element, the atoms that comprise Uranium have far more neutrons than protons. This does not enhance their capacity to split, but it does have an important bearing on their capacity to facilitate an explosion. There are two isotopes of Uranium. Natural Uranium consists mostly of isotope U-238, which has 92 protons and 146 neutrons (92+146=238). Mixed with this isotope, one will find a 0.6% accumulation of U-235, which has only 143 neutrons. This isotope, unlike U-238, has atoms that can be split, thus it is termed "fissionable" and useful in making atomic bombs. Being that U-238 is neutron-heavy, it reflects neutrons, rather than absorbing them like its brother isotope, U-235. (U-238 serves no function in an atomic reaction, but its properties provide an excellent shield for the U-235 in a constructed bomb as a neutron reflector. This helps prevent an accidental chain reaction between the larger U-235 mass and its `bullet' counterpart within the bomb. Also note that while U-238 cannot facilitate a chain-reaction, it can be neutron-saturated to produce Plutonium (Pu-239). Plutonium is fissionable and can be used in place of Uranium-235 {albeit, with a different model of detonator} in an atomic bomb. [See Sections 3 & 4 of this file.]) Both isotopes of Uranium are naturally radioactive. Their bulky atoms disintegrate over a period of time. Given enough time, (over 100,000 years or more) Uranium will eventually lose so many particles that it will turn into the metal lead. However, this process can be accelerated. This process is known as the chain reaction. Instead of disintegrating slowly, the atoms are forcibly split by neutrons forcing their way into the nucleus. A U-235 atom is so unstable that a blow from a single neutron is enough to split it and henceforth bring on a chain reaction. This can happen even when a critical mass is present. When this chain reaction occurs, the Uranium atom splits into two smaller atoms of different elements, such as Barium and Krypton. When a U-235 atom splits, it gives off energy in the form of heat and Gamma radiation, which is the most powerful form of radioactivity and the most lethal. When this reaction occurs, the split atom will also give off two or three of its `spare' neutrons, which are not needed to make either Barium or Krypton. These spare neutrons fly out with sufficient force to split other atoms they come in contact with. [See chart below] In theory, it is necessary to split only one U-235 atom, and the neutrons from this will split other atoms, which will split more...so on and so forth. This progression does not take place arithmetically, but geometrically. All of this will happen within a millionth of a second. The minimum amount to start a chain reaction as described above is known as SuperCritical Mass. The actual mass needed to facilitate this chain reaction depends upon the purity of the material, but for pure U-235, it is 110 pounds (50 kilograms), but no Uranium is never quite pure, so in reality more will be needed. Uranium is not the only material used for making atomic bombs. Another material is the element Plutonium, in its isotope Pu-239. Plutonium is not found naturally (except in minute traces) and is always made from Uranium. The only way to produce Plutonium from Uranium is to process U-238 through a nuclear reactor. After a period of time, the intense radioactivity causes the metal to pick up extra particles, so that more and more of its atoms turn into Plutonium. Plutonium will not start a fast chain reaction by itself, but this difficulty is overcome by having a neutron source, a highly radioactive material that gives off neutrons faster than the Plutonium itself. In certain types of bombs, a mixture of the elements Beryllium and Polonium is used to bring about this reaction. Only a small piece is needed. The material is not fissionable in and of itself, but merely acts as a catalyst to the greater reaction. ============================================================================ - Diagram of a Chain Reaction - ------------------------------- | | | | [1]------------------------------> o . o o . . o_0_o . <-----------------------[2] . o 0 o . . o o . | \|/ ~ . o o. .o o . [3]-----------------------> . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o 0 o~o 0 o . . o o.".o o . | / | \ |/_ | _\| ~~ | ~~ | o o | o o [4]-----------------> o_0_o | o_0_o <---------------[5] o~0~o | o~0~o o o ) | ( o o / o \ / [1] \ / \ / \ / \ o [1] [1] o . o o . . o o . . o o . . o_0_o . . o_0_o . . o_0_o . . o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o . . o o . . o o . . o o . / | \ |/_ \|/ _\| ~~ ~ ~~ . o o. .o o . . o o. .o o . . o o. .o o . . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o . . o o.".o o . . o o.".o o . . o o.".o o . . | . . | . . | . / | \ / | \ / | \ : | : : | : : | : : | : : | : : | : \:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/ ~ | ~ ~ | ~ ~ | ~ [4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5] o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / o \ / o \ / o \ / [1] \ / [1] \ / [1] \ o o o o o o [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] ============================================================================ - Diagram Outline - --------------------- [1] - Incoming Neutron [2] - Uranium-235 [3] - Uranium-236 [4] - Barium Atom [5] - Krypton Atom =========================================================================== 3.83 III. The Mechanism of The Bomb ------------------------- Altimeter --------- An ordinary aircraft altimeter uses a type of Aneroid Barometer which measures the changes in air pressure at different heights. However, changes in air pressure due to the weather can adversely affect the altimeter's readings. It is far more favorable to use a radar (or radio) altimeter for enhanced accuracy when the bomb reaches Ground Zero. While Frequency Modulated-Continuous Wave (FM CW) is more complicated, the accuracy of it far surpasses any other type of altimeter. Like simple pulse systems, signals are emitted from a radar aerial (the bomb), bounced off the ground and received back at the bomb's altimeter. This pulse system applies to the more advanced altimeter system, only the signal is continuous and centered around a high frequency such as 4200 MHz. This signal is arranged to steadily increase at 200 MHz per interval before dropping back to its original frequency. As the descent of the bomb begins, the altimeter transmitter will send out a pulse starting at 4200 MHz. By the time that pulse has returned, the altimeter transmitter will be emitting a higher frequency. The difference depends on how long the pulse has taken to do the return journey. When these two frequencies are mixed electronically, a new frequency (the difference between the two) emerges. The value of this new frequency is measured by the built-in microchips. This value is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the original pulse, so it can be used to give the actual height. In practice, a typical FM CW radar today would sweep 120 times per second. Its range would be up to 10,000 feet (3000 m) over land and 20,000 feet (6000 m) over sea, since sound reflections from water surfaces are clearer. The accuracy of these altimeters is within 5 feet (1.5 m) for the higher ranges. Being that the ideal airburst for the atomic bomb is usually set for 1,980 feet, this error factor is not of enormous concern. The high cost of these radar-type altimeters has prevented their use in commercial applications, but the decreasing cost of electronic components should make them competitive with barometric types before too long. Air Pressure Detonator ---------------------- The air pressure detonator can be a very complex mechanism, but for all practical purposes, a simpler model can be used. At high altitudes, the air is of lesser pressure. As the altitude drops, the air pressure increases. A simple piece of very thin magnetized metal can be used as an air pressure detonator. All that is needed is for the strip of metal to have a bubble of extremely thin metal forged in the center and have it placed directly underneath the electrical contact which will trigger the conventional explosive detonation. Before setting the strip in place, push the bubble in so that it will be inverted. Once the air pressure has achieved the desired level, the magnetic bubble will snap back into its original position and strike the contact, thus completing the circuit and setting off the explosive(s). Detonating Head --------------- The detonating head (or heads, depending on whether a Uranium or Plutonium bomb is being used as a model) that is seated in the conventional explosive charge(s) is similar to the standard-issue blasting cap. It merely serves as a catalyst to bring about a greater explosion. Calibration of this device is essential. Too small of a detonating head will only cause a colossal dud that will be doubly dangerous since someone's got to disarm and re-fit the bomb with another detonating head. (an added measure of discomfort comes from the knowledge that the conventional explosive may have detonated with insufficient force to weld the radioactive metals. This will cause a supercritical mass that could go off at any time.) The detonating head will receive an electric charge from the either the air pressure detonator or the radar altimeter's coordinating detonator, depending on what type of system is used. The Du Pont company makes rather excellent blasting caps that can be easily modified to suit the required specifications. Conventional Explosive Charge(s) -------------------------------- This explosive is used to introduce (and weld) the lesser amount of Uranium to the greater amount within the bomb's housing. [The amount of pressure needed to bring this about is unknown and possibly classified by the United States Government for reasons of National Security] Plastic explosives work best in this situation since they can be manipulated to enable both a Uranium bomb and a Plutonium bomb to detonate. One very good explosive is Urea Nitrate. The directions on how to make Urea Nitrate are as follows: - Ingredients - --------------- [1] 1 cup concentrated solution of uric acid (C5H4N4O3) [2] 1/3 cup of nitric acid [3] 4 heat-resistant glass containers [4] 4 filters (coffee filters will do) Filter the concentrated solution of uric acid through a filter to remove impurities. Slowly add 1/3 cup of nitric acid to the solution and let the mixture stand for 1 hour. Filter again as before. This time the Urea Nitrate crystals will collect on the filter. Wash the crystals by pouring water over them while they are in the filter. Remove the crystals from the filter and allow 16 hours for them to dry. This explosive will need a blasting cap to detonate. It may be necessary to make a quantity larger than the aforementioned list calls for to bring about an explosion great enough to cause the Uranium (or Plutonium) sections to weld together on impact. Neutron Deflector ----------------- The neutron deflector is comprised solely of Uranium-238. Not only is U-238 non-fissionable, it also has the unique ability to reflect neutrons back to their source. The U-238 neutron deflector can serve 2 purposes. In a Uranium bomb, the neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental supercritical mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the `bullet' counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below it (and vice- versa). The neutron deflector in a Plutonium bomb actually helps the wedges of Plutonium retain their neutrons by `reflecting' the stray particles back into the center of the assembly. [See diagram in Section 4 of this file.] Uranium & Plutonium ------------------- Uranium-235 is very difficult to extract. In fact, for every 25,000 tons of Uranium ore that is mined from the earth, only 50 tons of Uranium metal can be refined from that, and 99.3% of that metal is U-238 which is too stable to be used as an active agent in an atomic detonation. To make matters even more complicated, no ordinary chemical extraction can separate the two isotopes since both U-235 and U-238 possess precisely identical chemical characteristics. The only methods that can effectively separate U-235 from U-238 are mechanical methods. U-235 is slightly, but only slightly, lighter than its counterpart, U-238. A system of gaseous diffusion is used to begin the separating process between the two isotopes. In this system, Uranium is combined with fluorine to form Uranium Hexafluoride gas. This mixture is then propelled by low- pressure pumps through a series of extremely fine porous barriers. Because the U-235 atoms are lighter and thus propelled faster than the U-238 atoms, they could penetrate the barriers more rapidly. As a result, the U-235's concentration became successively greater as it passed through each barrier. After passing through several thousand barriers, the Uranium Hexafluoride contains a relatively high concentration of U-235 -- 2% pure Uranium in the case of reactor fuel, and if pushed further could (theoretically) yield up to 95% pure Uranium for use in an atomic bomb. Once the process of gaseous diffusion is finished, the Uranium must be refined once again. Magnetic separation of the extract from the previous enriching process is then implemented to further refine the Uranium. This involves electrically charging Uranium Tetrachloride gas and directing it past a weak electromagnet. Since the lighter U-235 particles in the gas stream are less affected by the magnetic pull, they can be gradually separated from the flow. Following the first two procedures, a third enrichment process is then applied to the extract from the second process. In this procedure, a gas centrifuge is brought into action to further separate the lighter U-235 from its heavier counter-isotope. Centrifugal force separates the two isotopes of Uranium by their mass. Once all of these procedures have been completed, all that need be done is to place the properly molded components of Uranium-235 inside a warhead that will facilitate an atomic detonation. Supercritical mass for Uranium-235 is defined as 110 lbs (50 kgs) of pure Uranium. Depending on the refining process(es) used when purifying the U-235 for use, along with the design of the warhead mechanism and the altitude at which it detonates, the explosive force of the A-bomb can range anywhere from 1 kiloton (which equals 1,000 tons of TNT) to 20 megatons (which equals 20 million tons of TNT -- which, by the way, is the smallest strategic nuclear warhead we possess today. {Point in fact -- One Trident Nuclear Submarine carries as much destructive power as 25 World War II's}). While Uranium is an ideally fissionable material, it is not the only one. Plutonium can be used in an atomic bomb as well. By leaving U-238 inside an atomic reactor for an extended period of time, the U-238 picks up extra particles (neutrons especially) and gradually is transformed into the element Plutonium. Plutonium is fissionable, but not as easily fissionable as Uranium. While Uranium can be detonated by a simple 2-part gun-type device, Plutonium must be detonated by a more complex 32-part implosion chamber along with a stronger conventional explosive, a greater striking velocity and a simultaneous triggering mechanism for the conventional explosive packs. Along with all of these requirements comes the additional task of introducing a fine mixture of Beryllium and Polonium to this metal while all of these actions are occurring. Supercritical mass for Plutonium is defined as 35.2 lbs (16 kgs). This amount needed for a supercritical mass can be reduced to a smaller quantity of 22 lbs (10 kgs) by surrounding the Plutonium with a U-238 casing. To illustrate the vast difference between a Uranium gun-type detonator and a Plutonium implosion detonator, here is a quick rundown. ============================================================================ [1] Uranium Detonator ----------------- Comprised of 2 parts. Larger mass is spherical and concave. Smaller mass is precisely the size and shape of the `missing' section of the larger mass. Upon detonation of conventional explosive, the smaller mass is violently injected and welded to the larger mass. Supercritical mass is reached, chain reaction follows in one millionth of a second. [2] Plutonium Detonator ------------------- Comprised of 32 individual 45-degree pie-shaped sections of Plutonium surrounding a Beryllium/Polonium mixture. These 32 sections together form a sphere. All of these sections must have the precisely equal mass (and shape) of the others. The shape of the detonator resembles a soccer ball. Upon detonation of conventional explosives, all 32 sections must merge with the B/P mixture within 1 ten-millionths of a second. ____________________________________________________________________________ - Diagram - ------------- ____________________________________________________________________________ | [Uranium Detonator] | [Plutonium Detonator] ______________________________________|_____________________________________ _____ | | :| | . [2] . | :| | . ~ \_/ ~ . | [2]:| | .. . .. | :| | [2]| . |[2] | .:| | . ~~~ . . . ~~~ . `...::' | . . . . . _ ~~~ _ | . . ~ . . . `| |':.. | [2]\. . . . [1] . . . ./[2] . | | `:::. | ./ . ~~~ . \. | | `::: | . . : . . . | | :::: | . . . . . | [1] | ::|:: | . ___ . ___ . . `. .' ,::||: | [2]| . |[2] ~~~ ::|||: | .' _ `. .. [2] .::|||:' | . / \ . ::... ..::||||:' | ~ -[2]- ~ :::::::::::::||||::' | ``::::||||||||:'' | ``:::::'' | | | | | [1] = Collision Point | [1] = Collision Point [2] - Uranium Section(s) | [2] = Plutonium Section(s) | | ______________________________________|_____________________________________ ============================================================================ Lead Shield ----------- The lead shield's only purpose is to prevent the inherent radioactivity of the bomb's payload from interfering with the other mechanisms of the bomb. The neutron flux of the bomb's payload is strong enough to short circuit the internal circuitry and cause an accidental or premature detonation. Fuses ----- The fuses are implemented as another safeguard to prevent an accidental detonation of both the conventional explosives and the nuclear payload. These fuses are set near the surface of the `nose' of the bomb so that they can be installed easily when the bomb is ready to be launched. The fuses should be installed only shortly before the bomb is launched. To affix them before it is time could result in an accident of catastrophic proportions. ============================================================================ 3.84 IV. The Diagram of the Atomic Bomb ------------------------------ [Gravity Bomb Model] ---------------------------- -> Cutaway Sections Visible <- ============================================================================ /\ / \ <---------------------------[1] / \ _________________/______\_________________ | : ||: ~ ~ : | [2]-------> | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | :______||:_____________________________: | |/_______||/______________________________\| \ ~\ | | / \ |\ | | / \ | \ | | / \ | \ | | / \ |___\ |______________| / \ | \ |~ \ / \|_______\|_________________\_/ |_____________________________| / \ / _________________ \ / _/ \_ \ / __/ \__ \ / / \ \ /__ _/ \_ __\ [3]_______________________________ \ _| / / \ \ \ / / \/ \ \ / / ___________ \ \ | / __/___________\__ \ | | |_ ___ /=================\ ___ _| | [4]---------> _||___|====|[[[[[[[|||]]]]]]]|====|___||_ <--------[4] | | |-----------------| | | | | |o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o| <-------------------[5] | | \_______________/ | | | |__ |: :| __| | | | \______________ |: :| ______________/ | | | | ________________\|: :|/________________ | | | |/ |::::|: :|::::| \| | [6]----------------------> |::::|: :|::::| <---------------------[6] | | |::::|: :|::::| | | | | |::==|: :|== <------------------------[9] | | |::__\: :/__::| | | | | |:: ~: :~ ::| | | [7]----------------------------> \_/ ::| | | | |~\________/~\|:: ~ ::|/~\________/~| | | | ||:: <-------------------------[8] | |_/~~~~~~~~\_/|::_ _ _ _ _::|\_/~~~~~~~~\_| | [9]-------------------------->_=_=_=_=_::| | | | | :::._______.::: | | | | .:::| |:::.. | | | | ..:::::'| |`:::::.. | | [6]---------------->.::::::' || || `::::::.<---------------[6] | | .::::::' | || || | `::::::. | | /| | .::::::' | || || | `::::::. | | | | | .:::::' | || <-----------------------------[10] | | |.:::::' | || || | `:::::.| | | | ||::::' | |`. .'| | `::::|| | [11]___________________________ ``~'' __________________________[11] : | | \:: \ / ::/ | | | | | \:_________|_|\/__ __\/|_|_________:/ | | / | | | __________~___:___~__________ | | | || | | | | |:::::::| | | | | [12] /|: | | | | |:::::::| | | | | |~~~~~ / |: | | | | |:::::::| | | | | |----> / /|: | | | | |:::::::| <-----------------[10] | / / |: | | | | |:::::::| | | | | | / |: | | | | |::::<-----------------------------[13] | / /|: | | | | |:::::::| | | | | | / / |: | | | | `:::::::' | | | | | _/ / /:~: | | | `: ``~'' :' | | | | | / / ~.. | | |: `: :' :| | | |->| / / : | | ::: `. .' <----------------[11] | |/ / ^ ~\| \ ::::. `. .' .:::: / | | ~ /|\ | \_::::::. `. .' .::::::_/ | |_______| | \::::::. `. .' .:::<-----------------[6] |_________\:::::.. `~.....~' ..:::::/_________| | \::::::::.......::::::::/ | | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | `. .' `. .' `. .' `:. .:' `::. .::' `::.. ..::' `:::.. ..:::' `::::::... ..::::::' [14]------------------> `:____:::::::::::____:' <-----------------[14] ```::::_____::::''' ~~~~~ ============================================================================ - Diagram Outline - --------------------- [1] - Tail Cone [2] - Stabilizing Tail Fins [3] - Air Pressure Detonator [4] - Air Inlet Tube(s) [5] - Altimeter/Pressure Sensors [6] - Lead Shield Container [7] - Detonating Head [8] - Conventional Explosive Charge [9] - Packing [10] - Uranium (U-235) [Plutonium (See other diagram)] [11] - Neutron Deflector (U-238) [12] - Telemetry Monitoring Probes [13] - Receptacle for U-235 upon detonation to facilitate supercritical mass. [14] - Fuses (inserted to arm bomb) ============================================================================ - Diagram for Plutonium Bomb - -------------------------------- [Gravity Bomb - Implosion Model] -------------------------------- -> Cutaway Sections Visible <- ============================================================================ /\ / \ <---------------------------[1] / \ _________________/______\_________________ | : ||: ~ ~ : | [2]-------> | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | :______||:_____________________________: | |/_______||/______________________________\| \ ~\ | : |:| / \ |\ | : |:| / \ | \ | :__________|:| / \ |:_\ | :__________\:| / \ |___\ |______________| / \ | \ |~ \ / \|_______\|_________________\_/ |_____________________________| / \ / \ / \ / _______________ \ / ___/ \___ \ /____ __/ \__ ____\ [3]_______________________________ \ ___| / __/ \ \__ \ / / \/ \ \ / / ___________ \ \ / / __/___________\__ \ \ ./ /__ ___ /=================\ ___ __\ \. [4]-------> ___||___|====|[[[[[|||||||]]]]]|====|___||___ <------[4] / / |=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=| <-------------------[5] .' / \_______ _______/ \ `. : |___ |*| ___| : .' | \_________________ |*| _________________/ | `. : | ___________ ___ \ |*| / ___ ___________ | : : |__/ \ / \_\\*//_/ \ / \__| : : |______________:|:____:: **::****:|:********\ <---------[6] .' /:|||||||||||||'`|;..:::::::::::..;|'`|||||||*|||||:\ `. [7]----------> ||||||' .:::;~|~~~___~~~|~;:::. `|||||*|| <-------[7] : |:|||||||||' .::'\ ..:::::::::::.. /`::. `|||*|||||:| : : |:|||||||' .::' .:::''~~ ~~``:::. `::. `|\***\|:| : : |:|||||' .::\ .::''\ | [9] | /``::: /::. `|||*|:| : [8]------------>::' .::' \|_________|/ `::: `::. `|* <-----[6] `. \:||' .::' ::'\ [9] . . . [9] /::: `::. *|:/ .' : \:' :::'.::' \ . . / `::.`::: *:/ : : | .::'.::'____\ [10] . [10] /____`::.`::.*| : : | :::~::: | . . . | :::~:::*| : : | ::: :: [9] | . . ..:.. . . | [9] :: :::*| : : \ ::: :: | . :\_____________________________[11] `. \`:: ::: ____| . . . |____ ::: ::'/ .' : \:;~`::. / . [10] [10] . \ .::'~::/ : `. \:. `::. / . . . \ .::' .:/ .' : \:. `:::/ [9] _________ [9] \:::' .:/ : `. \::. `:::. /| |\ .:::' .::/ .' : ~~\:/ `:::./ | [9] | \.:::' \:/~~ : `:=========\::. `::::... ...::::' .::/=========:' `: ~\::./ ```:::::::::''' \.::/~ :' `. ~~~~~~\| ~~~ |/~~~~~~ .' `. \:::...:::/ .' `. ~~~~~~~~~ .' `. .' `:. .:' `::. .::' `::.. ..::' `:::.. ..:::' `::::::... ..::::::' [12]------------------> `:____:::::::::::____:' <-----------------[12] ```::::_____::::''' ~~~~~ ============================================================================ - Diagram Outline - --------------------- [1] - Tail Cone [2] - Stabilizing Tail Fins [3] - Air Pressure Detonator [4] - Air Inlet Tube(s) [5] - Altimeter/Pressure Sensors [6] - Electronic Conduits & Fusing Circuits [7] - Lead Shield Container [8] - Neutron Deflector (U-238) [9] - Conventional Explosive Charge(s) [10] - Plutonium (Pu-239) [11] - Receptacle for Beryllium/Polonium mixture to facilitate atomic detonation reaction. [12] - Fuses (inserted to arm bomb) ============================================================================